Recent
excavations at the Ptolemaic-Roman site of Quesna in Egypt have revealed two
skeletons of individuals who might have been eunuchs. But these people’s
above-average height and other skeletal irregularities might also reflect a
congenital condition rather than castration.
One
person – B21 – was an adolescent of indeterminate sex from the Ptolemaic Era.
The burial was oriented rather differently: with the head to the south, rather
than the typical head-north orientation of the period. Although the skeleton
was poorly preserved, Haddow and colleagues noticed that most of the person's
bones looked extremely immature, including the growth plates of the limb bones,
which were completely unfused. This meant that the person was taller than
average, even though they were not fully grown.
The
other person – B26 – was also an adolescent of indeterminate sex, dating to the
Roman Era. Buried in a collective tomb, this person was similarly much taller
than average with completely unfused growth plates.
So
were these people from ancient Egypt eunuchs? The historical record would
certainly allow for that possibility. Intersex individuals were present
throughout the ancient world, Haddow and colleagues note, with eunuchs playing
important administrative roles in Assyrian, Persian, and Roman courts.
Linguistic evidence also indicates the recognition of non-binary gender
statuses. In Egypt specifically, there are textual references to eunuchs
working in administrative roles in the Ptolemaic and Roman courts.
But
the skeletal evidence is not conclusive. Haddow and colleagues clarify that,
beyond castration, other causes need to be considered. These involve a number
of congenital conditions affecting the endocrine system, including sex
chromosome abnormalities such as Klinefelter Syndrome or autosomal disorders
such as Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome and an estrogen deficiency called
aromatase deficiency. Because these conditions disrupt a person's hormonal
balance and subsequent skeletal development in a similar way to pre-pubertal
castration, it is difficult to differentiate among them..... READ MORE.